6th Century (500-599 CE)

• Year 545: Birth of Abdullah, the Holy Prophet's father.
• Year 571: Birth of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Year of the Elephant. Invasion of Makkah by Abraha.
• Year 577: The Holy Prophet visits Madina with his mother. Death of his mother Amina.
• Year 580: Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Holy Prophet.
• Year 583: The Holy Prophet's journey to Syria with his uncle Abu Talib. Meeting with the monk Bahira.
• Year 586: The Holy Prophet participates in the war of Fijar.
• Year 591: The Holy Prophet becomes a member of Hilf al-Fudul, a league for the relief of the distressed.
• Year 595: The Holy Prophet marries Khadija (RA).

7th Century (600-699 CE)

• Year 605: The Prophet helps in the reconstruction of the Ka'bah and places the Black Stone.
• Year 610: First revelation at Cave Hira. Beginning of Prophethood.
• Year 615: First migration of Muslims to Abyssinia.
• Year 619: Year of Sorrow — death of Khadija (RA) and Abu Talib.
• Year 620: Isra and Mi'raj — the Night Journey and Ascension.
• Year 622: Hijrah to Madinah. Beginning of the Islamic calendar.
• Year 624: Battle of Badr — first major battle of Islam.
• Year 625: Battle of Uhud.
• Year 627: Battle of the Trench (Khandaq).
• Year 628: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
• Year 630: Conquest of Makkah.
• Year 632: Farewell Pilgrimage and passing of the Prophet ﷺ. Abu Bakr becomes first Khalifa.
• Year 634: Death of Abu Bakr. Umar becomes second Khalifa.
• Year 636: Battle of Yarmouk — Muslims defeat Byzantine army. Battle of Qadisiyyah — defeat of Persian Empire.
• Year 638: Conquest of Jerusalem under Umar (RA).
• Year 644: Martyrdom of Umar. Uthman becomes third Khalifa.
• Year 656: Martyrdom of Uthman. Ali becomes fourth Khalifa. Battle of the Camel.
• Year 657: Battle of Siffin.
• Year 661: Martyrdom of Ali. Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate.
• Year 680: Tragedy of Karbala — martyrdom of Husayn (RA).
• Year 691: Construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

8th Century (700-799 CE)

• Year 711: Tariq ibn Ziyad leads Muslim conquest of Spain (Andalusia).
• Year 732: Battle of Tours — Muslim advance halted in France.
• Year 750: Fall of Umayyad Caliphate. Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate.
• Year 762: Foundation of Baghdad as the Abbasid capital.
• Year 786: Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph — Golden Age of Islam begins.

9th-10th Centuries (800-999 CE)

• Year 813: Al-Ma'mun establishes Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad.
• Year 836: Construction of the Great Mosque of Samarra.
• Year 969: Foundation of Al-Azhar University in Cairo — oldest university in the world.
• Year 972: Foundation of Al-Azhar Mosque and University in Cairo.

11th-12th Centuries (1000-1199 CE)

• Year 1055: Seljuk Turks take control of Baghdad.
• Year 1099: First Crusade captures Jerusalem.
• Year 1171: Salahuddin al-Ayyubi ends the Fatimid Caliphate.
• Year 1187: Battle of Hattin — Salahuddin recaptures Jerusalem.

13th-15th Centuries (1200-1499 CE)

• Year 1258: Mongols sack Baghdad — end of Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.
• Year 1299: Foundation of the Ottoman Empire by Osman I.
• Year 1453: Conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II — end of Byzantine Empire.